Finally, as suggested by the present study, PD-1 blockade during expansion or before administration might be an effective way to avoid adverse systemic effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors while by the same token, increasing the cytotoxic efficacy on the target BKPyV-replicating renal tubular cells, even in the inflammatory context of BKPyV nephropathy of PyVAN stage B. Precedent for this kind of preinfusion modification is given by T-cell depletion protocols in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Here, PDCD1 is linked to Nephropathy.