Next, we assessed the SHAP values of metabolites in relation to several glucose and insulin indices in our cohorts, encompassing 2-h OGTT levels, fasting blood glucose (FBG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and FINDRISC (Fig. 4f and Supplementary Table 11). Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.