Lastly, for a comparative assessment of the inhibitory efficacy of chalcone-9 on the JAK-STAT signaling pathway with other common JAK and STAT inhibitors in breast cancer cells, the representative JAK inhibitors (AG490 and nifuroxazide) and STAT3 inhibitors (S3I-201 and STA-21) were administered alongside chalcone-9 at identical concentrations and durations. Here, STAT3 is linked to breast cancer.