Moreover, type-1 and type-17 T-helper cell signature cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17A were below the detectable range in most animals, regardless of AF superinfection (data not shown), and pulmonary IL-2 concentrations tended to be lower in mice with IAPA compared to those with IAV infection only (Fig. 1D). The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is atrial fibrillation.