TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: It acts as a negative regulator of TNF-alpha signaling, exerting anti-inflammatory effects and promoting tissue homeostasis and regeneration.35,36 Levels of soluble TNF-RII are elevated in the serum of patients with multiple sclerosis.43 TNF-RII has been increasingly recognized as a potential therapeutic target for various inflammatory conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.44,45 Possible impact of elevated serum TNF-RII in LRRK2 carriers should be further investigated.