TNF and Alzheimer disease: Elevated systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β,IL-6, TNFα, and IFN-γ, were correlated with increasedmicroglial and astrocytic activity in memory-related brain regions,emphasizing the role of systemic inflammation in driving AD pathology.Gut microbiota analysis revealed significant beta diversity differencesand a reduced F/B ratio in 12-MOAD mice, accompanied by a widespread depletion of SCFAs—includingacetate, propionate, isobutyrate, butyrate, isovalerate, and valerate—reflectingprofound disruptions in microbial metabolic function.