TGFB1 and colitis: Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IFN-α, and IL-1β, exacerbate colitis, while anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10, TGF-β) mitigate intestinal damage.38 Supplementation with Bifidobacterium infantis EVC001 has been shown to mitigate inflammatory responses by reducing Th2 and Th17 cytokines, enhancing immunoregulatory factors like galectin-1.39–43 Our data demonstrated that synbiotic treatment restored IL-10 and TGF-β levels more effectively than individual treatments, highlighting its superior anti-inflammatory effect.