Some markers that were part of the HIV-risk group in the CAPRISA study, such as IP-10 and IL-8, actually increased after treatment for bacterial vaginosis, both in this and other studies.27 Thus, identifying a means to follow inflammation longitudinally is challenging, as there is no single marker of inflammation that captures all patients with greater risk for adverse outcomes, nor is there a consistent trajectory across markers.21 The gene discussed is CXCL8; the disease is bacterial vaginosis.