ATF4 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Stress‐induced cell death resulting from chronic ER stress and coupled ISR is considered as a major causative risk for β cell failure in T2D.[1, 2, 8, 58, 59] Among the three major signaling pathways in ER stress, PERK pathway is activated and induces eIF2α phosphorylation under stress, and it is also interconnected with ISR, consequently limiting mRNA translation, upregulating ATF4, inducing the stress granule formation and cell death.[8, 11, 60, 61] Thus, the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 signaling pathway plays an important role in both ER stress and ISR.