It is broadly hypothesized that α-synuclein aggregates, mitochondrial antigens, and even gut bacterial endotoxins facilitate innate and adaptive immune responses, hyper-activating neuroinflammatory pathways and neuronal toxicity among monocytes, neutrophils, microglia, pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells, and other immune cells, which enhance PD progression (Morris et al., 2024; Tansey et al., 2022). The gene discussed is SNCA; the disease is Parkinson disease.