CNTF and Stroke: Other candidates, such as transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and lipid phosphate phosphatase-related protein type 1 (LPPR1), have also been reported to contribute to CST axon sprouting after stroke and pyramidotomy (Jin et al., 2015; Fink et al., 2017; Kaiser et al., 2019).