In 2020, a phase IIb clinical trial, NCT02897765, was the first to incorporate the personalized neoantigen vaccine NEO-PV-01 with PD-1 inhibitors for NSCLC, advanced melanoma or bladder cancer, which demonstrated that all subjects exhibited neoantigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses with conspicuously higher objective response rate (ORR) than that of monotherapy (87). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and melanoma.