IL1B and Parkinson disease: Caspase-1-induced proteolysis converts proIL-1 to mature IL-1, resulting in inflammation (Figure 2).34 P2X7R induces protein misfolding and nerve damage in PD, Alzheimer’s disease, and other disorders by increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, culminating in the release of IL-6 and neuronal death.35