CX3CL1 and neuropathic pain: EE can relieve neuropathic pain by reducing inflammatory mediators, such as proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) and chemokines (CCL2, CCL3), among others, increasing anti-inflammatory substances (IL-10, Arg-1, CX3CL1) in the periphery and CNS.