PIK3CA and neoplasm: Upon activation, MET initiates signaling pathways involving Ras, STAT3, β-catenin, and PI3K, causing to prolonged MAPK activation, which supports cell survival, cell growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis.129 SCFAs epigenetically inhibit the FGFR2 and Hippo signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt and Ras/Raf, through HDAC inhibition, despite these pathways also being targets for genetic alterations in carcinogenesis.122,130 The potential anti-cancer agent, valproic acid and HDAC inhibitors, both of which strongly suppresses cell proliferation in the tumor-stroma.