Notably, n-Ras (NRAS), as well as transforming growth factor β-1 (TGFB1) and transforming growth factor α (TGFA), which are downstream targets of n-Ras, were significantly upregulated in IDH1 R132Q-expressing U87MG xenografts compared to WT (Table S4 and Fig. S12), supportive of activation of cancer growth and metastasis pathways (61). This evidence concerns the gene TGFA and cancer.