We also included 10 patients with non-infectious post-traumatic/operative illnesses who had SOFA scores >2 (ranging from 3 to 8), and found that the immune-related gene expression profiles of these post-traumatic/operative patients were similar to those of patients with common infections, except that the expression levels of CD5 and CD8A were low, similar to those of patients with sepsis (Fig. 4A–I). This evidence concerns the gene CD5 and infection.