INS and Other metabolic disease: Typical diseases caused by metabolic disorders include diabetes mellitus, obesity, hyperlipidemia, thyroid dysfunction, etc.[125] For diabetes treatment, current research aims to develop strategies for restoring controlled insulin secretion.[126] Transplantation of islet β cells via functional microcarriers is a promising way, as β cells can sense glucose levels and intelligently release insulin, thereby reducing the risk of hypoglycemia.