VEGFA and cancer: Among the otherpro-angiogenic factors, transforming growth factor (TGF), which consistsof two peptides TGF-α and TGF-β, also stimulates ECs growth.Especially TGF-β, once dysregulated in the late stages of thetumor, acts promoting cancer progression, angiogenesis and metastasis.5,13 It seems that TGF-β, and particularly its isoform TGF-β1,exerts its pro-angiogenetic effect by both ECs direct activation (inductionof metalloproteases) and VEGF stimulation.10,14,15