TNF and HIV infectious disease: In HIV infection, there is a dysregulation of cytokine production and activity.[17] Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, contribute to chronic immune activation and inflammation, which can lead to immune system exhaustion and tissue damage.[18] Concurrently, there might be a decrease in certain cytokines that are crucial for immune regulation and function, like IL-2 and IFN-gamma, impairing the body’s ability to mount an effective antiviral response.[19] Furthermore, cytokines play a crucial role in the HIV life cycle.