HIF1A and myopia: To this end, we employed two validated models: 1) a form deprivation myopia (FDM) mouse model, which reliably mimics human myopia through axial elongation and scleral thinning (Wu et al., 2018), and 2) an in vitro Na2S2O4-induced hypoxia model in mouse scleral fibroblasts (MSFs), a system proven to replicate hypoxia-driven HIF-1α activation and ECM dysregulation (Zhao et al., 2019).