TNF and Alzheimer disease: Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were notably increased in the AD group, with TNF-α reaching 257.50% ± 35.73% (p < 0.001 vs. WT; n = 5 per group; Figure 6G) and IL-6 at 145.20% ± 22.01% (p = 0.032 vs. WT; n = 5 per group; Figure 6H).