APP and Cognitive impairment: For example, APP/PS1 double-transfer mice, many literatures show that behavioral cognitive impairment and learning and memory impairment have been detected at 10 or 12 months (Li et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2003), or there is a significant gender difference in the transcriptome profile is already 8 months of age (Papazoglou et al., 2024).