DNA methylationHypermethylation of the p15 tumour suppressor gene, global hypomethylation of the Alu and LINE-1 genes, P15 hypermethylation and (MAGE-1) hypomethylation, hypermethylation of the PARP-1 poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases-1, and histone modification. Here, PARP1 is linked to neoplasm.