Cluster 1, characterized by higher levels of Lp(a), older age, lower BMI and a higher prevalence of CVD and related comorbidities (e.g., HTA and dyslipidemia), parallels with established literature linking elevated Lp(a) levels to increased CVD risk and common comorbidities (1, 3, 5, 6, 8). Here, LPA is linked to metabolic syndrome.