Clinical studies include carboplatin for rGBM (NCT03744026), checkpoint inhibitors for metastases (NCT04021420), carboplatin for pediatric gliomas (NCT05293197), nanoparticle albumin–bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) for rGBM (NCT04528680), anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (aPD-1) and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (aCTLA-4) monoclonal antibodies and liposomal doxorubicin in newly diagnosed GBM (NCT05864534), and adjuvant TMZ for newly diagnosed GBM (NCT04614493) (96, 98–100). Here, PDCD1 is linked to glioblastoma.