TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: demonstrated that selenium-enriched malt inhibited HCC angiogenesis in rats, partly through the downregulation of VEGF and interactions with key factors such as insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO), and tumor-associated nitric oxide synthase (T-NOS) (115, 116) (Figure 2).