In addition, this PYAP-mutated CD28 construct described above still significantly enhanced T cell proliferation, metabolism, activation, and target cell killing in FAP-targeted CAR-T cells and showed promising efficacy and durability with few side effects in conjunction with a programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blocker in humanized mice suffering from tumors and the first malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) patients (55). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and malignant pleural mesothelioma.