ETS1 and neoplasm: While the exact role of ETS-1 in the upregulation of PD-L1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and TIM-3 requires further confirmation, studies suggest that ETS-1 may contribute to the regulation of these molecules, which are known to suppress T cell activation and function, thus enabling tumor cells to evade immune recognition and clearance (123, 146, 147).