In the human heart, under pathological conditions, including cardiac hypertrophy, ischemia, and dilated cardiomyopathy, reduction of Cx43 at the intercalated discs has been reported (Bruce et al., 2008; Kaprielian et al., 1998; Peters et al., 1993; Salameh et al., 2009). The gene discussed is GJA1; the disease is dilated cardiomyopathy.