Consistently across two tumor models, the NKG2D/CD28&MSLN CAR-T group exhibited a higher CAR-T cell count per microliter of blood at both time points (Fig. 5F), with a greater proportion of naïve T cells and lower PD-1 expression compared to the traditional CAR-T group (Fig. 5G). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is neoplasm.