TNF and parasitic infectious disease: Parasitic infections often lead to the upregulation of many inflammatory mediators, including Th1 cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β), Th2 cytokines (IL-5, IL-6 or IL-10), Th17 cytokines (IL-17), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nuclear factor (NF)-κB [6–11].