Reductions in ER calcium of β-cells have been related to both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and such calcium dysregulation leads to defects in insulin secretion or synthesis of β-cell (Kim et al, 2025; Klec et al, 2019; Sabatini et al, 2019; Zhang et al, 2020). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.