AXIN1 and lung carcinoma: Smoking, a major risk factor for lung cancer, has been shown to induce the overexpression of key genes in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, such as Wnt3, DLV3, AXIN, and β-catenin, in bronchial epithelial cells.623 NSCLC, the most common type of lung cancer, accounts for 80–85% of cases and remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally.