TGFB1 and neoplasm: Labbé et al. identified four such genes in normal mouse epithelial cells—CTGF, ROBO1, GPC1, and INHBA—shared by both pathways.211 Transgenic mouse models revealed that many of these genes are overexpressed in breast and colon tumors, and inactivation of the TGF-β pathway resulted in reduced expression of some genes and delayed tumor formation, underscoring the synergistic role of TGF-β and Wnt in promoting tumorigenesis.