TGFB1 and prostate carcinoma: In human embryonic stem cells, BMP, together with FGF2, induces mesoderm differentiation, dependent on TGF-β or Wnt signaling.222 In transformed mammary epithelial cells, TGF-β and Wnt signaling synergistically activate the EMT program and maintain the stem cell state in an autocrine manner.223 Additionally, in prostate cancer, Fzd8 integrates Wnt-11 and TGF-β signaling, colocalizing and coimmunoprecipitating with Wnt-11 to enhance ATF2-dependent transcription.