In addition, in the TCGA cohort, Kaplan‒Meier analysis of PD-L1 and VEGFR2 expression indicated that patients with low PD-L1 and VEGFR2 expression had better survival, and similar results were obtained in the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) database analysis (Fig. 1A‒D). Here, CD274 is linked to central nervous system cancer.