TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: This degeneration leads to severe clinical manifestations, including muscle weakness, atrophy, and, ultimately, respiratory failure (Petri et al., 2023) Despite extensive research, the underlying etiology of ALS remains largely unknown, although approximately 5–10% of cases are familial, with mutations in genes such as C9orf72, TARDBP, FUS, and SOD1 implicated in its pathogenesis (Prasad et al., 2019).