Targeted next-generation sequencing was performed on PAH-associated genes (ABCC8, ACVRL1, AQP1, ATP13A3, BMPR2, CAV1, GDF2, GGCX, EIF2AK4, ENG, KCNK3, KDR, KLK1, SMAD1, SMAD4, SMAD9, SOX17, TBX4, TET2). This evidence concerns the gene SMAD1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension.