Our findings suggest potential new strategies for BPH prevention and treatment, including avoidance, immunization, or therapy against the inciting pathogens; targeting the CXCL13/CXCR5 axis to prevent lymphocyte recruitment; and blocking T cell cytokines, including IFN-γ and TNF, for which FDA-approved therapeutics are already used against hyperinflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Here, TNF is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.