HK2 and neoplasm: ACF was employed due to its selective inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activation, which is linked to oxidative stress, the mechanism of cell death induced by PDT, and the activation of several survival signaling pathways. The amalgamation of ACF with PDT diminished the expression of HIF-1a, GLUT-1, GLUT-3, and HK2, while augmenting tumor suppression, underscoring the significant function of ACF as an innovative adjuvant for PDT.