INS and metabolic syndrome: Ginsenoside Rb1 reverses gut microbiota dysbiosis in diabetic mice, alters the levels of free fatty acids in fecal metabolites (Zhou et al., 2023), increases the abundance of Akkermansia spp., significantly elevates long-chain fatty acid content, improves HFD-induced dyslipidemia, and enhances insulin sensitivity (Yang X. et al., 2021; Zou et al., 2022).