VEGFA and neoplasm: In contrast, M2 macrophages are generally activated by TH2 cell responses (IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) and show immunosuppressive activities like inhibition of T-cell responses, overexpression of scavenger receptors like CD68, CD163 and CD206, which are associated with expression of high expression of IL-10, IL-1β, VEGF, and MMPs and upregulation of NF-κβ-mediated factors that protect against apoptosis-like IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, CCL2, CXCL8, and CXCL10, ultimately supporting tumour progression, growth, invasion and metastasis (Xiang et al., 2021; Zhu et al., 2021).