PTGS2 and atherosclerosis: Snail2 promoted atherosclerosis development by enhancing the transformation of VSMCs toward an inflammatory phenotype by activating the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway and suppressing cholesterol efflux by reducing ABCA1 and ABCG1 promoter expression in VSMCs (Yuan et al., 2022; Ledard et al., 2020).