Subsequently, exosomes enriched with miR-665 directly impact the enhancement of NSCLC invasion and migration capabilities by targeting the Notch downstream transcription factor HEYL. Furthermore, exosomal lncRNAs such as HOTAIR (Chen L. et al., 2021) and NEAT1 (Hussain et al., 2024), frequently upregulated in NSCLC, regulate cellular responses to external stimuli like hypoxia and oxidative stress, common in the tumor microenvironment. The gene discussed is NEAT1; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.