VSIR and neoplasm: These include lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3), T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), V-type immunoglobulin domain-containing suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), and CD276, each playing distinct roles in immune regulation and contributing to tumor immune evasion (Yin Nanhao et al., 2024).