TFPT and neural tube defect: In addition, fumonisin B1 (FB1) has been shown to have neurotoxic effects, inhibiting neurodevelopment, with increased levels observed in children with neural tube defects (NTD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (Stockmann-Juvala and Savolainen, 2008; Ratnaseelan et al., 2018; Missmer et al., 2006; Yli-Mattila and Sundheim, 2022b).