TNF and diabetes mellitus: Compared with Ctrl mice, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and TLR4 in the kidney of diabetes mice both significantly increased by over 88.5% (p < 0.001), tripdiolide markedly decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, TLR4 by 55.1% (p < 0.001), 28.2% (p < 0.01), 23.4% (p < 0.05), and 12.7% (p < 0.05), respectively (Figures 4E–H).