TNF and hydrops fetalis: Early inflammatory responses include the migration of neutrophils and macrophages, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 at different stages of HF (157), mediation of myocardial cell necrosis and exacerbation of adverse cardiac remodeling (158), making the targeted inhibition of neutrophil-derived pro-inflammatory factors an active area of research for treating HF.