Zheng et al. (2021) found that GLP-1 could regulate glycolysis in astrocytes through the PI3K/Akt pathway, which exerts neuroprotective effects against AD. One important pathway involved is the PI3K/AKT signaling cascade, which has been shown to reduce tau hyperphosphorylation and neurofilament protein accumulation, thereby protecting against memory impairment (Wang Y. et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene GCG and Alzheimer disease.