In addition, hyperkalemia may affect cell signaling pathways, such as activating microglia by activating N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and increasing calcium inward flow, and may also activate microglia by increasing the release of inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which can directly stimulate microglia, prompting them to produce more inflammatory mediators, further exacerbating neuroinflammation and causing nerve damage (Bagheri-Yarmand et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2024; Merighi et al., 2022). Here, IL6 is linked to Hyperkalemia.