TNF and chronic kidney disease: In the adenine-induced CKD mice, pemafibrate suppressed the Scr and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels and inhibited the upregulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (43).