TNF-α also causes intestinal epithelial apoptosis in Crohn’s disease (43) and interestingly, colon-derived organoid monolayers from Crohn’s disease patients have impaired epithelial integrity compared to healthy controls, with those from patients treated with anti-TNF-α antibody (adalimumab) tending to be less sensitive to bacteria-induced barrier defects (44). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Crohn disease.