Moreover, studies involving LPS-induced macrophages and adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats demonstrate that the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α requires activation through the NF-κB, JAK1-STAT1/3, and MAPK signaling pathways to exert inflammatory effects (Luan et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and arthritic joint disease.